History and Prevention of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Iraq: A Review

Authors

Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, PhD in Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Babylon, IraqFollow
Baraa Hamid Hadi, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Babylon University, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University Babylon, Hilla, 51001, IraqFollow
Saad Mardi Muhammad, MSc. Molecular medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, MalaysiaFollow
Raoof J. A. Maaroof, PhD in Biochemistry, Department of Basic and Medical Science, College of Nursing, University of Babylon, Babylon, Hillah 51001, IraqFollow
Nada Khazal K. Hindi, Prof. PhD in Microbiology, Department of Basic and Medical Science, College of Nursing, Babylon University, Pharmacy College, Al-Mustaqbal University, IraqFollow
Karrar Kamoona, School of Pharmacy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UKFollow
Zainab Ayad, Department of Bioengineering, Bahcesehir University: Bahcesehir Universitesi, Istanbul, TurkeyFollow
Rusul Ahmed Mohammed, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, AL Mustaqbal University, IraqFollow

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease Virus (FMDV) is an extremely transmittable viral illness that affects cloven-hoofed faunae, such as cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs. This study aimed to demonstrate the history and prevention of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Iraq. This virus poses a significant threat to the economy, necessitating strict measures to control and prevent its spread, particularly due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, especially in young faunae. It is one of the most contagious diseases as it is transmitted directly or indirectly from a diseased fauna to a healthy one through contact with resources contaminated with the virus, such as saliva, feces, urine, and milk. As well extent by cars, birds, then humans, in addition to being spread by domestic and wild faunae that transport the causes for a lengthy period after their convalescence. It is also diffused via wind under proper climate situations. The FMD is endemic in Iraq, generally taking place since the late 19th then the primary 20th century. Avoidance of FMDV depends on immunization via the dominant serotype(s) otherwise the butchery in addition damage of affected faunae. Moreover, managing antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications to stoppage of subordinate infections demonstrates as vital.

Recommended Citation

Al-Jbouri, Ashwaq M. S.; Hadi, Baraa Hamid; Muhammad, Saad Mardi; Maaroof, Raoof J. A.; Hindi, Nada Khazal K.; Kamoona, Karrar; Ayad, Zainab; and Mohammed, Rusul Ahmed (2025) "History and Prevention of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Iraq: A Review," Al-Mustaqbal Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Sciences: Vol. 3 : Iss. 3 , Article 1.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.62846/3006-5909.1032